Test Glossary Entry
General Information
(All names are trademark of the respective manufacturer)
Slang / Street Names:
Common Methods / Routes of Administration:
FDA Established Pharmacological Class (EPC):
Drug Evaluation & Classification Program Category:
Federal (DEA) Schedule:
May be found as a metabolite of:
NSC ADID Recommended Tier:
Therapeutic Blood Concentrations
|
Micrograms per liter (μg/L) or Nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) |
Milligrams per liter (mg/L) or Micrograms per milliliter (μg/mL) |
|
|---|---|---|
| Baselt (2020) | ||
| Schulz, et al. (2020) | ||
| Winek, et al. (2001) |
References for Therapeutic Ranges
Schulz M, Schmoldt A, Andresen-Streichert H, Iwersen-Bergmann S. Revisited: Therapeutic and toxic blood concentrations of more than 1100 drugs and other xenobiotics. Crit Care. 2020 May 6;24(1):195. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-02915-5. PMID: 32375836; PMCID: PMC7201985.
Winek CL, Wahba WW, Winek CL Jr, Balzer TW. Drug and chemical blood-level data 2001. Forensic Sci Int. 2001 Nov 1;122(2-3):107-23. doi: 10.1016/s0379-0738(01)00483-2. PMID: 11672964.
Note Regarding Schulz, et al. values: When a value is expressed in brackets or parentheses, it typically indicates an extension of the corresponding lower or upper parameter based upon unique or unusual conditions (e.g., very old or very young patients, high or low body mass, adapted tolerance to the drug, etc.) See page 84 of the attachment to Shulz et al. for a more complete description.
Caution: Refer to source text for further details of values provided. Be cognizant of sample matrix (e.g., serum vs. whole blood) and dosing regimen that resulted in stated values, when such information is available and disclosed. See ANSI / ASB Best Practice Recommendation 037: Guidelines for Opinions and Testimony in Forensic Toxicology for further guidance on appropriate application of such information.
Pharmacology
Mechanism of Action
Notable Metabolites
Notable Drug Interactions
Half-Life
Baselt (2020)
Schulz, et al. (2020)
Effects on Performance & Behavior
Ocular Effects
For a detailed explanation of how ocular effects may affect performance, see the Ocular Performance page.
Manufacturer Warnings
General Indicators
Other
Drug Evaluation & Classification Program Major Indicators
Note: The symptomatology chart shown above is for the associated category of drugs. Actual manifestations of intoxicated / impairment are more variable than can be fully encapsulated in this syndromic reference. Partial or atypical presentations do not necessarily imply less significance, and may still prove valuable to identifying drug impairment and potential causes. This is of particular relevance in cases of multi-substance impairment.
External Links
Drug Images:
Click Here to view images from the Drugs.com Pill Identifier.
Prescriber’s Digital Reference:
Click Here for prescriber reference material, indications, dosages, and more detailed drug interaction information.
NCTR: FDA Label Search:
Click Here for FDA Labels
Structured Product Labeling Archive:
Click Here for a more extensive repository of drug labels.
Bibliography
These references have been reviewed by the SOFT Drugs & Driving Committee and placed on their DUI-D literature page.
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These are additional references that members may find relevant to the subject of this guide. DrugImpairment.com does not vouch for credibility or completeness of any source, and users should be familiar with details of a study before offering it in support of opinions or testimony. We are, however, available to answer specific questions or provide feedback / guidance as needed via the Ask an Expert form.
Driving Studies
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Other Studies
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